// ORBITAL LOGISTICS AND PROPULSION TERM
Splashdown
Splashdown is when a spacecraft or capsule returns to Earth and lands in a body of water, typically the ocean. This method is often used for crewed missions.
TECHNICAL DEFINITION
Splashdown is the controlled atmospheric re-entry and subsequent landing of a spacecraft or capsule into a body of water, commonly the ocean, often employed for crewed missions like Apollo and SpaceX Dragon to mitigate land impact forces.
BACKGROUND
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the United States' civil space program, as well as research in aeronautics and space. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., NASA operates ten field centers across the US and is organized into three mission directorates: Human Spaceflight, Research and Technology, and Science. Established in 1958 amid the Space Race, NASA succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the US space program a distinct civilian orientation focused on peaceful applications. Since then, it has led most American spaceflight programs, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the Apollo program, Skylab, the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station (ISS), and the ongoing multi-national Artemis program.
READ MORE ON WIKIPEDIASYNONYMS & ALIASES
- Water landing
- Ocean landing
- Re-entry
- Descent
USAGE NOTE
Splashdown requires precise targeting and recovery efforts by naval assets.
DEVELOPERS
Organizations developing technology related to Splashdown.
Designs, manufactures, and operates the Dragon and Crew Dragon spacecraft, which return to Earth via a parachute-assisted splashdown in the ocean. The company has developed a dedicated fleet of recovery vessels and procedures.
Pioneered splashdown techniques with the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. NASA's current Orion spacecraft, designed for deep space Artemis missions, also uses splashdown, requiring development of advanced heat shields, parachute systems, and recovery protocols.
While its CST-100 Starliner capsule is designed for a primary landing on land, Boeing has developed and tested a contingency splashdown capability, including flotation systems and recovery procedures for an emergency water landing.
Actively develops and employs splashdown and ocean recovery technology for the first stage of its Electron rocket. This reusability method involves a parachute-guided descent into the ocean for retrieval by a recovery vessel.
A key European aerospace company that developed the Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV) for the European Space Agency. The IXV successfully demonstrated autonomous European re-entry capabilities, culminating in a parachute-guided splashdown in the Pacific Ocean.
As the prime contractor for the European Service Module (ESM), which provides propulsion and power for NASA's Orion spacecraft, Airbus is directly involved in developing critical systems for a vehicle that relies on splashdown for its return to Earth.
Provides critical assets and develops operational procedures for the recovery of spacecraft that land in the ocean, such as NASA's Orion capsule. Their expertise and specialized equipment are integral to the safety and success of crewed water landings.